Discuss Research Methods and Techniques in detail

RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

Assumption

The beauty of the world is in its colorfulness. It is difficult to do scientific research in every aspect of the lives of people who speak different languages, have different habits and customs, and adhere to different customs. We can form an opinion about their collective behavior by reviewing individual behaviors. In this regard, we first make an assumption. For example, we assume that children who are deprived of parental love and attention become lonely and eventually become addicted to drugs. That's an assumption. The means we will use to find out about its health or non-health will be called methods of reality. Assuming this is a glance. We try to find out about the health or non-health of reality by using some method of reality.

The developmental situation of any society can be researched by making innumerable assumptions. For example, bad company makes bad. Love Sam. Work thieves become beggars. Change of language and place changes a person. Etc. Whatever the assumption, it must have the following characteristics.

The assumption is theoretically clear. The hypothesis is related to experience and practical conditions and is not a disease.

The assumption should not be complicated, but should be clear and concise. And possible action. Whether it is true or not can be proved by empirical research.

Library use

Materials that are already available in books, reports, research articles or any other form should be studied. For example, we want to do research on the study habits of children in an area. I am happy to find information about that area in the library. For example, how big is the area and the house in it how many. What is the status and educational status of the people living in it? What are their professions and hobbies? In the light of this information, we can do better on better lines. It is now possible to find the complete required information in the library.

Observation

Science begins with observation and confirmation of scientific facts is also due to observation. It is necessary to observe carefully the people, groups or classes that need to be researched. Because the results of the research will be tested on the basis of ultimate observation. For example, by carefully observing beggars, one can find out how they beg. The method of begging is unsympathetic and natural or they have been trained to do so. Every day they beg in special places or go around. Observing how they beg from people, etc., can make research on these beggars scientific or reliable.

Sampling

Sampling is very important in civil research. Contains old. "Mushta Namuna az Kharwara" does not even mean sampling in civil research. That is, a certain percentage of the population or class of the population to be researched should be sampled. For example, fall. It is difficult to assess the impact of television on school children, to find out farmers' opinions about their new varieties, to interview all children or all farmers, or to find out their opinions in some other way. Therefore, a percentage of both the classes will be sampled. For example, a school will be selected in each area of ​​the city and the children in it will be selected as growth. If we have schools and in them If 500 children study in each school from then on, one thousand pitch will be selected under sampling and their opinion will be ascertained and it will be considered as representative opinion. Or select one or two villages in the union council and introduce them to the farmers.

Types of Sampling

There are three main types of sampling.

Systematic ordering

This means that a certain number of opinions are sought without any discipline in the minds of the research people who want to know their views. This pattern is not chosen in a special way. Opinions are sought wherever possible. In the example above, if he interviews the farmers in the villages, the opinion of those who go to Kargil will be known.

Layer sampling

Sampling is done in an organized and regular manner. All respondents are ranked first. For example, if you want to do research on school children, some children from each class will be taken. In doing so, the children's parents may be further categorized according to their social status.

Quota based sampling

As the name suggests, sampling is based on a defined segment of different categories of respondents, such as women researching an issue to formulate a question if it is intended to find out what the respondent's status is. Should.

• are you married?
• Separated?
• Is there a temporary misunderstanding?
• Divorced?
• Are you a widow

Take another example. If we want to know the opinions of people of different ages on an issue, we will first divide them into different categories. For example, people up to 25 years old, 25 to 35 years old, 36 to 45 years old and people above 46 years old. By doing this ranking we will find out the opinion of a specific number of each period. The number of people between the ages of 25 and 35 may be higher than usual, but here too we will recruit as many people under the quota as we would under other categories. The choice of a sample in the research depends on the nature of the subject. Is. Researchers know that random sampling is needed in this regard and quota penny sampling in some.

Scope of research

The field of research refers to those who need information about opinions, reactions and trends. This field or class is related to civil experimental research. For example, if school children are intended to evaluate the effects of PRI or television, they will be involved in research under schools. This agate will refer to the specific topic that is intended to be researched. Civil research has been done and is being done on many topics. Therefore, each subject is related to a particular field of research. In this field of research, the people who are selected for the interview or questionnaire under the sample are called the respondents in the term. These terms are not used in any research other than civil experimental research.

Questionnaire

A questionnaire is prepared based on the assumption that is intended to be true and based on information obtained from the library or observation. The number of questions depends on the assumption. However, the question may or may not be enough to get all the necessary information about the hypothesis.

Questionnaire features

Questions are in the language that is answered and closed.

The questions are short.

The questions are common sense. There should be no ambiguity and complexity in them. - Questions should be as simple as possible to answer yes or no. If this is not possible, the answer should not be left to the discretion of the respondent.

Sometimes the questionnaire has to be divided into sections. For example, if you want to know about the respondents' salutation and academic status, then in a part of the questionnaire, ask questions that are about their academic or social status.

Thus, there may be a section in the questionnaire that confirms the answers to the questions included in the first section. If research is being done on the effects of television, the question that can be asked in one section is do you have a television set? And if not, where do you watch television?

This question should be tried before shaping the dog. For example, a few of the people to whom the questionnaire has been sent should get the answer by coaching and see that there is no gap or gap left in the questionnaire. The answer goes to Khai or Ki from the answers of the two Indians. This error should be removed and the query should be printed in the required number.

Interview

One method of research is interviewing. In other words, in a case where people have to know the opinion, reaction, tendency, verbal questions are asked. Interviews are very important in the world of media. Newspapers, Red U and television reporters get news by interviewing important personalities. This is how the list of relevant questions is prepared before the interview. The way the experimental questionnaire is prepared. It is important to talk to the interviewer about the environment, the weather, or the nature of the person before asking the relevant questions, so that there is a relationship of understanding between the two. Agree with the purpose of the one. The success of the interview depends not only on the questions but also on the interviewer. His personality, his style of conversation, and his voice, Kazmi and Bom influence the interviewer. So interviewing is an art and this method can be used successfully only by those who know the art of interviewing.

It is important to record the interviewer's answers during the interview. Tap recording is now commonplace. Therefore, it is better for the interviewer to record the answers. It is less time consuming and there is no room for twisting and turning. Nor can the interviewer deny what he has said.

Statistics

The information obtained from the use of different research methods is called data in antiquity. The answers to the questionnaires or interviews fall into different categories. For example, the answer to a question about the habits of the television owner shows that the percentage of Chinese respondents regularly watch television. Thirty-three percent have not seen it regularly, but they do. Even 10% see it occasionally. That way, the answer to each question will be information. First this information is converted into a proportion or percentage.